A copper test is a blood or urine test that measures the amount of copper in the body. Copper is an essential mineral needed for red blood cell production, energy production, immune function, and nervous system health. The body normally maintains a balance of copper through absorption and removal, mainly by the liver.

What the copper test measures

Copper testing may measure:

• Serum Copper: Measures the amount of copper circulating in the blood.

• Urine Copper (often a 24-hour urine test): Measures how much copper is being removed through the kidneys.

What a copper test can help evaluate

Copper testing is commonly used to help diagnose or monitor:

• Wilson disease

  • A rare inherited condition where excess copper builds up in the liver, brain, and other organs.

  • Often evaluated with copper levels, ceruloplasmin, and urine copper testing.

• Copper deficiency

  • May occur due to poor absorption, certain gastrointestinal conditions, or excessive zinc intake.

  • Can contribute to anemia, low white blood cell counts, and neurological symptoms.

• Copper overload

  • May occur with certain liver disorders or abnormal copper metabolism.

Possible symptoms related to abnormal copper levels

Low copper levels may be associated with:

• Fatigue

• Anemia

• Frequent infections

• Weakness or numbness/tingling from nerve involvement

High copper levels may be associated with:

• Liver problems

• Abdominal symptoms

• Neurological or psychiatric symptoms in some cases

Related tests often ordered with copper

Healthcare providers may order copper testing along with:

• Ceruloplasmin test (the main copper-carrying protein in the blood)

• Liver function panel

• Complete blood count (CBC)

• 24-hour urine copper test

• Genetic testing when Wilson disease is suspected