Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the lining of the joints (called the synovium), causing inflammation, pain, swelling, and stiffness. Over time, this inflammation can damage cartilage, bones, and surrounding tissues.

Common symptoms

• Joint pain and swelling

• Morning stiffness lasting longer than 30–60 minutes

• Warm, tender joints

• Stiffness after periods of inactivity

• Fatigue

• Weakness

• Reduced range of motion

RA commonly affects:

• Hands and fingers

• Wrists

• Feet and toes

• Knees

• Ankles

It often affects joints symmetrically (for example, both hands or both wrists).

What causes rheumatoid arthritis?

The exact cause is not fully understood, but RA involves:

• An overactive immune response

• Genetic factors

• Environmental triggers (such as smoking or certain infections)

Tests used to help diagnose RA included:

There is no single test that confirms RA. Healthcare providers may use:

• Rheumatoid Factor (RF): An antibody that may be present in people with RA, though it can also occur in other conditions.

• Anti-CCP (Anti–Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide) Antibody: A more specific antibody test that can help support an RA diagnosis.

• ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate): Measures inflammation in the body.

• CRP (C-Reactive Protein): Detects inflammation and helps monitor disease activity.

• CBC (Complete Blood Count): May identify anemia or other blood abnormalities associated with chronic inflammation.