A total cholesterol test is a blood test that measures the amount of cholesterol in your blood. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance your body needs to make hormones, vitamin D, and cell membranes. However, too much cholesterol—especially certain types—can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.

What the test measures

A total cholesterol level includes:

• Total Cholesterol: The overall amount of cholesterol in the blood.

• LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol: Often called “bad cholesterol.” High LDL can cause cholesterol buildup in artery walls, increasing the risk of heart disease.

• HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol: Often called “good cholesterol.” HDL helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream.

• Triglycerides: A type of fat in the blood. High levels can increase cardiovascular risk.

(A complete cholesterol evaluation is usually called a lipid panel and includes these measurements.)

What it can help assess

A total cholesterol test helps evaluate your risk for:

• Atherosclerosis (buildup of plaque in arteries)

• Coronary artery disease

• Heart attack

• Stroke

It is also used to:

• Monitor the effectiveness of diet, exercise, and cholesterol-lowering medications.

• Track cholesterol levels over time.

Factors that can affect cholesterol levels

Cholesterol levels may be influenced by:

• Diet (especially saturated and trans fats)

• Exercise habits

• Weight

• Genetics/family history

• Smoking

• Diabetes

• Thyroid disorders

• Certain medications